The American Heart Association's (AHA) sequence of events during a cardiac arrest
The distinct AHA links in the chain of events are:
1. Immediate Recognition and Activation
- Assess the scene for safety and the person for responsiveness.
- Call for help. If the person is unresponsive and not breathing (or only gasping), call 911 (or your local emergency number) immediately.
- Place the phone on speaker mode to receive instructions from the dispatcher.
- Instruct a bystander to locate an AED.
- Check the victim for normal breathing or gasping and evaluate for a pulse (take no longer than 10 seconds).
2. Early CPR
- If there is no breathing and no pulse, start CPR with chest compressions.
- Push hard and fast in the center of the chest (between the nipples on the sternum).
- Start with 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths (1 second each).
- Compression rate: 100–120 compressions per minute.
- Compression depth: 2 inches, but no more than 2¼ inches for adults and children.
- Use the AED as soon as it arrives. Turn it on and follow the automated voice prompts.
- If you are trained in CPR, perform cycles of 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths.
- For untrained bystanders: perform hands-only CPR. This is the standard recommendation for untrained rescuers.
Emergency Rescue Oxygen
- Go above and beyond to provide high-quality breaths by adding an emergency rescue oxygen device to your First Aid Kit or alongside your AED (Automated External Defibrillator).
- If you are interested in becoming CPR certified, find an American Red Cross or American Heart Association training center.